知识树
市场营销
基础概念
- 营销组合
- 4P:生产者为导向的模型
- 价格price
- 产品product
- 促销promotion
- 地点place
- 4C:消费者为导向的模型
- 消费者Consumer
- 成本Cost
- 交流Communication
- 便捷Convenience
- 7C:罗盘模型
- 企业(Corporation或者Company)
- 商品(Commodity)Commodity(顾客满足型商品)
- 成本(Cost)Cost(共同建立)
- 流通渠道(Channel)Channel(流通渠道,原意是运河)
- 交流(Communication)Communication(原意:共享信息)
- 消费者(Consumer)
- 环境(Circumstances)
- 分销/Distribution (marketing)
- 中间商:
- 零售/Retailer
- 批发/Wholesaler
- 代理/Agent
- 经纪人/Jobber
- 分钟分销策略/Distribution strategies:
- 分销渠道设计:
- Option 1: Zero Level(Direct Distribution) - Manufacturer -> Customer
- Option 2: One Level - Manufacturer -> Retailer -> Customer
- Option 3: Two Levels - Manufacturer -> Wholesaler -> Retailer -> Customer
- 相关:
- Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix
- Push vs pull strategy:
- In a push strategy, the marketer uses intensive advertising and incentives aimed at distributors, especially retailers and wholesalers, with the expectation that they will stock the product or brand, and that consumers will purchase it when they see it in stores.
- In a pull strategy, the marketer promotes the product directly to consumers hoping that they will pressure retailers to stock the product or brand, thereby pulling it through the distribution channel. The choice of a push or pull strategy has important implications for advertising and promotion.
- Channel motivation:o motivate intermediaries the firm can use positive actions, such as offering higher margins to the intermediary, special deals, premiums and allowances for advertising or display. On the other hand, negative actions may be necessary, such as threatening to cut back on margin, or hold back delivery of product.
- Channel switching:用户获取产品渠道的切换
- 定价策略/Pricing
- 在现在的美国為例,顾客都希望从购买的商品中获取高价值,所以,他们对价格越来越敏感。对一些顾客来说,高价值就是低价格,另一类顾客则认为只要某产品从质量或服务方面看来值得购买,就愿意多花钱。
- 每日低价(everyday low pricing, EDLP)策略,被美国许多零售商采用。美国零售商Home Depot、沃尔玛、Office Depot、 Toys“R”Us和智利瀚融实业(集团)有限公司属下的HANRONG百货都使用每日低价策略:
- 1.减少价格战。高/低定价策略的主要特点就是抓住了多数顾客的消费心理;许多顾客只在降价时才购买商品。而成功运用每日低价策略会使零售商从与对手的残酷价格战中撤出。一旦顾客意识到价格是合理的,他们就会更多、更经常地购买。
- 2.减少广告。每日低价策略下的稳定价格减少了高/低定价策略中的每周进行大量促销所需要的广告,而是把注意力更多在放在塑造企业形象上。
- 3.提高对顾客的服务水平。每日低价策略不会因贱卖的刺激而产生新的突发消费群,因而销售人员可以在稳定的顾客身上花更多的时间,多为顾客着想,提高企业整体服务水平。
- 4.提高邊際利潤。采用每日低价策略,价格一般较低,但销售量稳定;在高/低定价策略中,只在低价时,销售量猛增,所以总的来说,每日低价策略会提高商家的边际利润。
- 如每日低价策略一样,高/低定价策略近年来也变得越来越流行。在高/低定价策略(high/low pricing strategy)中,零售商制定的价格会高于其竞争者的每日低价,但使用广告进行经常性的降低促销:
- 同一种商品在多重市场上具有吸引力。
- 刺激消费。
- 可以促进商品流通。
- 强调质量或服务。
- Pricing tactics/定价策略
- 常见的六种定价策略有:价格讯号、渗透定价、地区定价、形象定价、组合定价、互补定价。
- 美国分类法:竞争定价法、成本加成定价法、撇脂定价法、限制定价法、损失领导者定价法、市场导向定价法、渗透定价法、价格歧视定价法等。
- 服务/Service
- In economics, a service is a transaction in which no physical goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer.
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名词
- brick-and-mortar store/实体店
- Value chain/价值链
- Support activities/支持性活动
- Primary activities/主要活动
- Value proposition/价值主张
- A value proposition is a promise of value to be delivered, communicated, and acknowledged. It is also a belief from the customer about how value (benefit) will be delivered, experienced and acquired.
- 在蓝海战略中,价值主张是指企业或品牌所制订的蓝海战略,需要达到市场消费诉求的兴奋点,在满足市场诉求的关注同时,企业还需要获利。这里的企业获利,不是单方面的,是市场、企业、个人三方面可以获得的价值主张。 - from 价值主张
- Blue Ocean Strategy/蓝海战略
- Category Killer/品类杀手
- Marketing management
- Marketing management is the process of developing strategies and planning for product or services, advertising, promotions, sales to reach desired customer segment.
- Structure:
- 1.1 Brand audit
- 1.2 Marketing strategy
- 1.3 Implementation planning
- 1.4 Project, process, and vendor management
- 1.5 Reporting, measurement, feedback and control systems
- 1.6 International marketing management
- 收益管理(英语:Yield management或Revenue management)
- Co-marketing/共生市场