The world is getting smaller, and markets are getting bigger.
- Daniel Meiland, Executive Chairman, Egon Zehnder International
核心关键词:法律、文化、地理、人口、经济。
国际商务的背景
1 全球化与国际商务
国际商务定义:全部商业交易,包括两国及两国以上之间发生的销售、投资和运输。
与1950年大约7%的数据相比,目前大约25%的全球产出被销往原产地之外。
外资产出占全球产出的比例一直在上升。
与大国相比,小的国家全球化程度更高,主要因为陆地面积和人口只能承载较少种类的生产。
全球化得以推进的因素:
- 技术应用的增长
- 跨境贸易和资源流动的自由化
- 国际商务支撑的发展
- 消费者压力的增加
- 全球竞争的加剧
- 政治环境和政府政策的变化
- 跨国合作的扩大
因为政府规制可能随时改变,所以会形成不确定的环境。
仅当能有效降低经营成本时,离岸经营才会管用。节约成本带来增长,增长可以创造更多的岗位。
销量增加是企业扩张进入国际市场的主要动机,许国国际大型企业的一半的销售来自于母国之外。
在美国,97%的出口商为中小企业,其直接出口值占美国的1/3。许多小公司销售整体产品的模块或零部件。
分散风险:在经济衰退国家,企业销售增长缓慢或下降;在经济扩张的国家,企业的销售往往会出现增长或快速发展。
总部位于英国的自然方式视频公司(Natures Way Foods)就是跟随其客户——Tesco而进入美国市场。
货物出口(Merchandise Export):是将有形产品——货物——输出到国外。
服务出口(Service Export):非货物类国际收益。
许可协议:When one company allows another to use its assets—such as trademarks, patents, copyrights, or expertise—under contracts known as licensing agreements, they receive earnings called royalties.
特许经营:Franchising is a mode of business in which one party (the franchisor) allows another (the franchisee) to use a trademark as an essential asset of the franchisee’s business.
直接投资:Direct Investment In foreign direct investment (FDI), sometimes referred to simply as direct investment, the investor takes a controlling interest in a foreign company. When, for example, U.S. investors bought the Liverpool Football Club, it became a U.S. FDI in the United Kingdom.
“跨国公司”主要是指在一个以上的国家开展经营企业。
跨国公司通常是指拥有外国直接投资的任何企业。A multinational enterprise (MNE) usually refers to any com- pany with foreign direct investments.
美国小企业定义:Some definitions require a certain size—usually giant. However, a small company, usually described within the United States as having fewer than 500 employees.
国际油价不稳定会造成运输成本上升。
国际商务的环境比较
2 国际商务面对的文化环境
If you see men stroking their beards, stroke yours. —Arab proverb
商务活动离不开人。Business involves people. Every business employs, sells to, buys from, and is owned and regu- lated by people.
文化碰撞(cultural collision)
法国人把自助餐称作:leself
宗教是文化的稳定剂,企业开展业务需要考虑宗教信仰问题。
日本比美国更加重视合作而不是竞争,所以员工晋升更看重年长的员工。
Because Japan stresses cooperation over competition in the workplace more than the United States does, companies in Japan generally place more weight on seniority for employee promotion, thus favoring older employees.
一个社会越开放,越不容易受社会群体所属关系的影响。
The more egalitarian, or“open,”a society, the less group memberships determine rewards.
However, laws may be designed to reinforce or undermine group differences, such as moves in Europe to require large companies to include women in at least 40 percent of their board membership.
社会关系很重要,你认识谁比你知道什么更重要。
“It’s who you know, not what you know.”
Gender-Based Groups:As you’ll recall from our opening case, there are almost seven employed men for every employed woman in Saudi Arabia, and women are excluded from driving and from certain professions.
When its business culture is hampered by this state of affairs, a country (or region) may lack sufficient numbers of indigenously owned large-scale operations that are usually necessary for long-term economic development.
工作激励 WORK MOTIVATION
Expectation of success and Reward:
通常人们对太过简单或困难的事情缺乏热情。
Generally, people have little enthusiasm for effort when the likelihood of success seems too easy or too difficult. Few would care to run a race against either a snail or a racehorse; in either case, the outcome is too predictable. Our enthusiasm peaks when uncertainty of success is high, such as the challenge of racing another human of roughly equal ability.
需求层次hierarchies of needs:
Finally, the theory also implies that we’ll typically work to satisfy a need, which, once satisfied, diminishes in value as a motivator.
职员升职将改变他原本的关系网。
各国员工对权力距离(Power Distance)的偏好不同。
低语境与高语境文化 low-context versus high-context cultures
低语境:直接表达信息的主题。商务人士说话直截了当,不会在闲聊上浪费时间,并倾向于抓住重点。
高语境:日本是一个高语境文化国家,下级可以理解上级发出的模糊指令。
高语境国家:奥地利;低语境国家:德国。奥地利人可能会认为德国人武断而高傲;德国人则认为奥地利人思维混乱且不值得信赖。
理想主义与实用主义idealism versus pragmatism
Similarly, some cultures prefer to establish overall principles before they try to resolve small issues—an approach sometimes labeled idealism. Cultures in which people focus more on details than on abstract principles are said to be pragmatic.
美国是实用主义,劳资谈判聚焦在具体问题上,如加多少的时薪;而理想主义文化国家阿根廷,劳资纠纷会先罢工、政治运动来宣扬其基本立场。
口语与书面语很重要,低质量的翻译可能引发贸易纠纷。无声语言:颜色、面对面的距离、时间与守时、肢体语言、声望。
企业在国外市场应执行不同的战略:
- 价值体系
- 分析变化的成本与收益
- 抵制过度文化
- 参与
- 利益共享
- 意见领袖
- 文化沟通
- 时机选择
- 学习国外经验
混合文化逐渐兴起,个人眼界不断开阔。
国际化需要制定工作语言,如英语。
利用全球优势。
3 国际商务面对的经济环境
In addition, nearly 70 percent of the world growth over the next few years will come from emerging markets, with 40 percent coming from China and India and another 15 percent from Brazil, Indonesia, Russia, and South Korea.
The World Bank identifies 214 discrete economic environments in the world today— 188 countries and 26 economies with populations of more than 30,000.
经济自由指数(Economic Freedom Index)
市场经济(Market Economy)和计划经济(Command Economy)
民主国家需要市场经济,社会主义需要混合经济(Mixed Economy)
新兴经济体(Emerging Economy)
人口基数、人口增长率很重要。
狭义是指事物的一个面,广义是指事物的全面。
全球经济可以通过各种指数衡量。
产值可以通过购买力平价来进行调整。
未来中国将以消费来主导经济。
未来在亚洲。🌏
市场是为众人而非一人所设。 - 非洲谚语
A market is not held for the sake of one person. —African (Fulani) proverb
利用各国的先天优势和后天优势,进行全球化分工,实现效率提升。
一个问题:哪个产品在哪个国际生产具有优势?
目前而言,国际贸易中制成品比重最大,而服务窗韩品增速最快。
国际贸易的产品生命周期(Product Life Cycle)理论,分为四个阶段:引入期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期。
任何东西都是有生命周期的。
比如融入全球经济;必须找到参与国际竞争的最佳路径。
高端市场可以使用高端物流。
厄瓜多尔的美国通过UPS、FedEx运到美国。
政府干预:
- 应对失业
- 保护幼稚产业
- 保护工业化水平
- 国家建设
- 保持国际收支平衡
- 价格管制
- 保护民生产业
贸易管制手段:
- 关税
- 补贴
- 援助和贷款
- 海关估价
- 配额
- 禁运
- 标准和标签
- 特定许可要求
- 行政延误
- 互惠要求
- 服务贸易的限制
玫瑰易名,馨香如故。—— 莎士比亚
6 跨国合作与协定
团结才有力量。
经济一体化Economic integration的三种途径:
- 全球一体化 Global integration
- 双边一体化 Bilateral integration
- 区域一体化 Regional integration
Robin’s View: 未来中国会更多地与周边国家签订双边、区域协定,进而产生大量的机会。
大宗商品取决于需求。
一个国家的基础设施很重要。
国际金融环境
7 全球外汇市场 Markets for Foreign exchange
要做生意就会有成本。 - 🇵🇹葡萄牙谚语
Another man’s trade costs money. —Portuguese Proverb
全球资金转账业务的利润可能高达30%
全球的汇款网络是跨国贸易的基础。
外汇 Foreign exchange
As noted in Figure 8.3, in 2013 the BIS estimated daily foreign exchange turnover to be $5.3 trillion. This reflects an increase of 32.5 percent over the 2010 survey, driven largely by increases in spot market transactions.
对冲基金 Hedge Funds
交叉汇率 Cross Rate:除美元之外两种货币之间的汇率成为交叉汇率。
伦敦成为重要的外汇交易市场的原因:
- 地理位置的优势。靠近欧洲主要资本市场
- 伦敦的时区很特别。 By lunchtime in London, New York is starting to open up, and as Europe closes down, positions can be passed westward.
本币和外币
企业与外汇的运用:
- 商业汇票
- 信用证
- 保兑信用证
- 投机交易
- 套利交易
人民币自由化,必将以人民币国际化为基础。人民币国际化之后,将成本国际主要的储备货币。
记住,买点人民币。
香港是中国内地之外唯一可以设立人民币账户的地方,香港也是中国货币自由化的试验田。
8 汇率的决定
无钱之人无朋友。 —— 阿拉伯谚语
He that has no money has no friends. —Arabian proverb
美国持有全球官方黄金储备的70%,所以各国政府买卖的是美元而不是黄金。
By 1947, the United States held 70 percent of the world’s official gold reserves, so governments bought and sold dollars rather than gold.
美元时国际货币制度的基石,所以其价值始终与黄金保持不变的关系。
欧洲的利率要高于美国,所以欧元被视作比美元价值更高的一种投资资产。
硬通货 Hard Currencies 是指完全可自由兑换的货币,如美元、欧元、英镑和日元。硬通货价值保持相对稳定。
软通货 Soft Currencies 是指不能完全自由兑换的货币。价值不稳定、流动性不高。
通过巨无霸指数来看,人民币是被低估的。
汇率会影响财务报表。
9 全球资本市场 Global Debt and equity Markets
未来实现国际经营的成功,跨国公司必须利用各个国家的金融市场来为经营扩张融资。
首席财务官需要具备全球视野。
全球战略、结构与实施
10 全球化与社会 ethics and Social responsibility
跨国公司需要平衡好具有不同目标的不同群体的利益。
11 国际商务战略 strategies for international business
Vision without action is a daydream. Action without vision is a nightmare. —Japanese proverb
全球消费者喜好:
For example, the British seek stores based on class sensitivities, Germans are value-conscious, Chinese shoppers are brand-aware, and shoppers in the United States look for a mix of vari- ety, quality, and price.
ZARA要利用短期特定的时尚趋势,那么生产经营必须靠近本国。
Robin’s View: 中国的廉价劳动力正在消失,伴随着高等教育的普及而演化到一个新的阶段:廉价的技术、知识劳动力。
多国化战略分散了风险。
杰克•韦尔奇宣称:公司全球化时胡说八道,要全球化的是业务而不是公司。
At the time, CEO Jack Welch declared, “the idea of a company being global is nonsense. Businesses are global, not companies.”
12 国家评估与选择
The place to get top speed out of a horse is not the place where you can get top speed out of a canoe. —African (Hausa) proverb
商业成功的三个要素:地段,地段,还是地段。
The old adage that“location, location, and location”are the three most important factors for business success rings quite true for international business.
业务全球化:
For instance, General Electric set an objective of having international operations account for 60 percent of its total sales.
获取资源的的机遇:
- 原材料。制糖业会优先考虑糖原料,而铝制品企业会优先考虑低成本的水电供应。
- 劳动力。
- 基础设施。
- 交通与通信的便利程度。
- 政府鼓励。
经济上的相似性也是一个重要的考虑因素。
Robin’s View:
国际商务优势:
- 利用已有的本土化优势,引进国外成熟的模式
- 将本土成熟模式国际化
Robin’s View:
国际性的零售商,如:Tesco、WalMart,通过推进全球化采购,能够很好地降低成本,同时这些大型的零售商掌握了国际的分销渠道,可以帮助企业拓展全球市场。
13 出口与进口 Modes of trading internationally
未雨绸缪,有备无患。 ——埃塞俄比亚🇪🇹谚语
When one is prepared, difficulties do not come. —Ethiopian proverb
Big exporters such as General Electric, Caterpillar, and Boeing generate about 60 percent of total exports from the United States. Their smaller shipments are usually much larger than the largest shipments of smaller companies. Still, small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)—specifically, com- panies with fewer than 500 workers—account for nearly 98 percent of all U.S. exporters.
SME:中小企业,small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
在你之外、世界更大:
Therefore, a German company selling domestically can reach a maximum of some 81 million consumers. Conversely, a local com- petitor selling internationally can potentially reach nearly 7 billion more.
In the United States, the 500 biggest firms accounted for nearly 60 percent of total export value, the 250 biggest accounted for more than half, and the 100 biggest contributed just under one-third. We see the same shares for big importers in the United States.
- 渐进国际化
- 天生全球化
下一个十年,电子垃圾将增加近500%。
大多数的企业,尤其是中小企业,更专注的是国内市场而非国外市场。
Most companies, particularly SMEs, focus on domestic rather than foreign markets. In the United States, for instance, SMEs comprise 97 percent of all exporters, yet less than 1 percent of all SMEs export.
2010年,美国60%的中小企业金队一个国外市场出口。
In 2010, 60 percent of U.S. SME exporters sold to customers in only one foreign market, whereas more than half of big exporters recorded sales to five or more foreign markets.
EMC:出口管理公司 export Management Company (eMC)
出口管理公司可以帮助企业建立海外市场。An EMC, by acting as the international trade arm of a company, helps firms establish overseas markets.
14 直接投资与合作战略 Forms and Ownership of Foreign production
打不赢,就入伙。 ——美国🇺🇸谚语
If you can’t beat them, join them. —American proverb
酒店集团一般采用合作的形式,进行品牌、管理、运营等的服务出口。
15 国际商务组织 the Organization and Governance of Foreign Operations
每年印度有超过30万个工程师毕业。
将市场全球化不是依靠廉价的劳动力,以廉价劳动力为中心的全球化已经结束。
矩阵制结构(Matrix Structure),兼顾业务分工和部门分工的优势。
16 全球营销 Global Marketing
最好的衣服时人的皮肤,然而社会要求却比这一层多。 —— 马克•吐温
Mark Twain said, “The finest clothing is a person’s skin, but, of course, society demands more than this.”
营销导向:
- 产品导向
- 销售导向
- 客户导向
- 战略营销导向
- 社会营销导向
分销的挑战与机遇:
- 售后服务的必要性
- 成本优势和劣势
- 网络销售的应用
企业一般拒绝一个分销商同时分销竞争对手的产品。
市场可以简单地分为:高、中、低三个市场。有的地方不存在中间市场。
17 全球制造与供应链管理 Global production and supply chains
A cheap thing doesn’t lack defect, nor an expensive thing quality. —Afghan proverb
极速供应链很关键。
什么是供应链(Supply Chain)管理?
供应链就是价值链的各个环节联系在一起,并从最初的原材料供应商到最终消费者的整个流程中的材料、信息以及资金进行协调的网络。
供应链战略的影响因素:
- 成本效率
- 总成本
- 生产布局:集中制造、区域制造、多国制造
- 供应链长短
世界是平的。The World is Flat
- 采购:Sourcing
- 外包:Outsourcing
认清全球化的目的很重要。
18 国际会计与财务问题 Global accounting and Financial Management
会计准则很关键。
定位全球化的企业需要考虑采用什么会计准则。
美国是会计信息公开度最高的地方。
汇率是一个影响因素。
Robin’s View:
对于服装而言,设计是其关键、核心。设计是可以轻易跨国界的,设计之外的环节可以利用全球化、区域优势进行分工。
19 国际人力资源管理 Global Management of human resources
GE’s Jeffrey Immelt says, “A good global company does three things: It’s a global sales company—meaning it’s number one with customers all over the world, whether in Chicago or Paris or Tokyo. It’s a global products company, with technologies, factories, and products made for the world, not just for a single region. And, most important, it’s a global people company—a company that keeps getting better by capturing global markets and brains.”
世界在变小,而市场在变大。 —— Daniel Meiland
Observed Daniel Meiland of Egon Zehender International, an executive search firm, “The world is getting smaller, and markets are getting bigger.”
New places aNd New ways
Adds Michael Cannon-Brookes, head of strategy for IBM’s Growth Markets, “You get very different thinking if you sit in Shanghai or São Paulo or Dubai than if you sit in New York.”
国际战略的核心是:管理。
国际人力资源的影响因素:
- 本地化
- 外派与逆向外派
- 人事结构
-
工作语言
Robin on 04 November, 2017 18:02 at Starbucks, Wangjing Loftel.